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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Divalent closo-monocarborane solvates for solid-state ionic conductors.

Amanda Berger1, Ainee Ibrahim1, Craig E Buckley1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. mark.paskevicius@gmail.com.

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Researchers explored multivalent metal batteries as a sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Divalent metal carborane salts show promise as solid-state electrolytes, with conductivity influenced by hydration and solvent choice.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries face limitations due to resource scarcity, cost, and safety concerns.
  • Alternative battery technologies are crucial for future energy storage solutions.
  • Multivalent metal batteries, particularly with solid-state electrolytes, offer a promising avenue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize divalent metal carborane salts as potential solid-state electrolytes.
  • To investigate the effect of hydration and solvent coordination on ionic conductivity.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical and thermal stability of these novel electrolyte materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of hydrated divalent carborane salts: Mg[CB11H12]2·xH2O, Ca[CB11H12]2·xH2O, and Zn[CB11H12]2·xH2O.
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity using impedance spectroscopy at various temperatures.
  • Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) to determine desolvation and decomposition temperatures.
  • Evaluation of oxidative stability through electrochemical measurements.

Main Results:

  • Hydrated Zn[CB11H12]2 exhibited ionic conductivity of 10-3 S cm-1 at 170 °C after drying at 100 °C.
  • Ionic conductivity was significantly affected by hydration levels and solvent choice; Mg[CB11H12]2·3en showed higher conductivity than its hydrated counterpart.
  • Oxidative stability varied, with Mg[CB11H12]2·3en showing lower stability (<1 V) compared to Mg[CB11H12]2·3.1H2O (1.9 V).

Conclusions:

  • Divalent metal carborane salts are viable candidates for solid-state electrolytes in multivalent metal batteries.
  • Optimizing hydration and solvent coordination is key to enhancing ionic conductivity.
  • Further research is needed to balance conductivity and oxidative stability for practical applications.