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On Revenge, Pardon, and Forgiveness.

Dana Amir

    Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    |February 6, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores political violence through psychoanalytic lenses, proposing four interaction types between victims and perpetrators beyond simple revenge or forgiveness. It challenges dichotomies by analyzing perpetrator and victim positions in encounters.

    Area of Science:

    • Psychoanalytic Theory
    • Political Psychology
    • Social Psychology

    Background:

    • Political violence is a persistent area of psychoanalytic inquiry.
    • Existing frameworks often present dichotomous views of victim and perpetrator responses (e.g., revenge vs. forgiveness, evil vs. remorse).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To challenge the dichotomy between revenge/forgiveness and evil/remorse in political violence.
    • To propose a spectrum of victim-perpetrator interactions based on psychoanalytic concepts.
    • To analyze the manifestation of these interactions in real and imagined encounters.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizes Jessica Benjamin's concepts of complementarity (twoness) and thirdness.
    • Develops a four-type model of victim-perpetrator interactions.
    Keywords:
    banal evildoer / done to dynamicsforgivenesspolitical violencerevenge

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  • Analyzes diverse testimonies to illustrate the model's application.

    • Main Results:

    • Identifies four distinct interaction types: extreme evil/revenge, banal evil/false pardon, guilt/full pardon, and remorse/forgiveness.
    • Demonstrates that these interaction types, with varying dominance, are present in all victim-perpetrator encounters.
    • Highlights the spectrum of responses, moving beyond simplistic binaries.

    Conclusions:

    • Psychoanalytic concepts of twoness and thirdness offer a nuanced framework for understanding political violence.
    • The proposed four-type model provides a more comprehensive understanding of victim-perpetrator dynamics.
    • Testimonial analysis confirms the widespread applicability of this spectrum in understanding encounters.