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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • History of Medicine

Background:

  • Conspiracy theories about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and COVID-19 epidemics share common characteristics.
  • These narratives, often evidence-free, target powerful agents and spread globally, adapting to local contexts.
  • Promotion for commercial and political aims, including 'cultropreneurs' marketing alternative therapies, is a recurring theme.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the parallels and evolution of conspiracy theories during the AIDS and COVID-19 epidemics.
  • To examine the role of 'cultropreneurs' and political motivations in disseminating health-related misinformation.
  • To understand the challenges faced by pro-science advocates in a 'post-truth' social media environment.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of historical and contemporary conspiracy narratives.
  • Examination of case studies, including Russian bioweapon theories and alternative therapy marketing.
  • Qualitative assessment of the impact of social media on the spread of misinformation.

Main Results:

  • Conspiracy theories regarding both AIDS and COVID-19 viruses, such as claims of U.S. bioweapons, emerged.
  • 'Cultropreneurs' utilized conspiracy theories about scientific medicine as a marketing strategy for unproven therapies.
  • The social-media-driven 'post-truth' context significantly complicated efforts by pro-science activists to combat misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions:

  • Conspiracy theories are a persistent feature of epidemics, adapting to new contexts and technologies.
  • The commercial and political exploitation of misinformation remains a significant public health concern.
  • Addressing vaccine conspiracy theories requires understanding their historical roots and contemporary dissemination methods.