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Updated: Aug 11, 2025
A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
Published on: May 25, 2017
Hospital resource endowments and nosocomial infections: longitudinal evidence from the English National Health
1Institute for Technology and Innovation Management, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Objectives:
To identify key factors associated with Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) in healthcare at the hospital organization level.
Design:
Longitudinal study covering the period 2011-2019. Hospital reports were analysed to determine the number of CDIs and several hospital-related environmental factors: financial resources (i.e., cleaning expenditure), spatial resources (i.e., number of single rooms with a private bathroom), human resources (i.e., number of physicians and nursing staff) and cultural resources (i.e., error reporting climate). The relationships between the environmental factors and CDIs were analysed in a hybrid within- and between-hospital random-effect model.
Setting:
A total of 129 general hospital Trusts operating in the English National Health Service (NHS).
Participants:
All inpatients in 129 general hospital trusts of the NHS in the years 2011-2019, covering 120,629 cases of CDI.
Main Outcome Measure:
Annual number of CDIs per hospital trust.
Results:
Single rooms were associated with fewer CDIs at the within-hospital level, but not at the between-hospital level. Similarly, more nursing staff was associated with fewer CDIs at the within-hospital level, but not at the between-hospital level. This effect was not observed for physician staffing. A different picture emerged for the protective effect of cultural resources, with a weakly significant effect of between-hospital differences, but no within-hospital effect. Financial resources were not associated with CDIs either between hospitals or within them over time.
Conclusions:
The present study identified hospital resources with a beneficial influence on CDI rates. Healthcare organizations can use this knowledge for active CDI prevention.
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