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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Imaging Effector Memory T cells in the Ear After Induction of Adoptive DTH
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Effector-Triggered Immunity.

Brenna C Remick1, Moritz M Gaidt2, Russell E Vance1,3

  • 1Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.

Annual Review of Immunology
|February 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) uses germline-encoded receptors to detect pathogen virulence factors, complementing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) detection. ETI mechanisms are complex but offer a vital strategy for sensing diverse and evolving pathogens.

Keywords:
effector-triggered immunityguard immunityinnate immunitypathogen-associated molecular patternsvirulence factors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathogen detection
  • Innate immunity

Background:

  • The innate immune system relies on germline-encoded receptors to detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • Pathogens also employ virulence factors, known as effectors, to manipulate host environments and evade immunity.
  • Effectors are diverse and rapidly evolving, making them challenging targets for direct immune receptor recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey the mechanisms and functions of effector-triggered immunity (ETI).
  • To highlight emerging insights into ETI from animal studies.
  • To propose that ETI represents an under-recognized immune sensing strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pathogen sensing mechanisms.
  • Comparative analysis of PAMP-triggered immunity and ETI.
  • Focus on studies investigating ETI in animal models.

Main Results:

  • ETI involves indirect sensing of effector virulence activities, rather than direct binding.
  • ETI is a viable and widespread pathogen sensing strategy across different phyla, including plants.
  • Molecular mechanisms of ETI are more complex than PAMP detection.

Conclusions:

  • ETI complements PAMP-based pathogen recognition.
  • Further research, particularly in animal studies, is needed to fully elucidate ETI.
  • Many instances of ETI may be currently overlooked in immunological research.