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Psychosurgery01:30

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Psychosurgery, the surgical alteration or permanent removal of brain tissue to alleviate severe psychological conditions, stands as one of the most radical and controversial treatments in the history of mental health care. Its development and application have evolved significantly, marked by dramatic shifts in scientific understanding and ethical perspectives.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Cognitive biases in surgery: systematic review.

Bonnie A Armstrong1,2, Ilinca A Dutescu3, Arthur Tung2

  • 1Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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|February 8, 2023
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Cognitive biases negatively impact surgical performance and patient safety. More research is needed on bias sources and effective mitigation strategies in surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Research
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Surgical Safety

Background:

  • Cognitive biases are known contributors to adverse surgical events.
  • The prevalence and impact of cognitive biases in surgery remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding these biases is crucial for improving surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify types of cognitive bias in surgery.
  • To assess their impact on surgical performance and patient outcomes.
  • To explore bias sources and mitigation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across multiple databases (MEDLINE, Embase, etc.) from April to December 2021.
  • Included studies focused on cognitive bias effects in surgery and mitigation strategies.
  • Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze bias impact on surgical performance.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-nine studies involving 6514 surgeons and over 200,000 patients were analyzed.
  • Thirty-one types of cognitive bias were identified, with overconfidence, anchoring, and confirmation bias being most prevalent.
  • Biases like overconfidence and anchoring led to inaccurate self-perceptions and risk assessments, contributing to patient harm (e.g., never events).

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive biases significantly impair surgical performance and patient outcomes throughout surgical care.
  • There is a critical lack of research on the origins of cognitive biases in surgical settings.
  • Further investigation into effective mitigation strategies is urgently required to enhance patient safety.