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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

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Microbiota-derived psychedelics: Lessons from COVID-19.

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Early theories linking the microbiome to psychosis are gaining traction, especially after COVID-19 highlighted gut health's role in mental illness. Research explores how gut microbes and psychedelic compounds may influence depression and psychosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Emil Kraepelin's early hypothesis suggested toxins from the gut, mouth, or genitals caused dementia praecox (schizophrenia), hinting at the microbiome's role.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic renewed interest in this paradigm, linking gut barrier disruption and psychosis.
  • Studies on genomic damage and DNA repair in severe psychiatric illness were also underappreciated before the pandemic.

Discussion:

  • Ketamine's use for treatment-resistant depression has revived interest in endogenous hallucinogens like tryptamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT).
  • These compounds benefit depression but are linked to psychosis, prompting investigation into their psychotomimetic properties.
  • The editorial explores the microbiome's influence on psychopathology, questioning the dual role of certain hallucinogens.

Key Insights:

  • Psychosis-predisposing serotonergic hallucinogens may alleviate depression through mechanisms yet to be fully understood.
  • Microbiota-derived psychedelics are investigated as potential components of an endogenous antidepressant system, analogous to opioids.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interplay between the microbiome, psychedelic compounds, and mental health disorders.
  • Understanding these mechanisms could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for depression and psychosis.
  • Investigating endogenous antidepressant systems offers a promising avenue for psychiatric treatment development.