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Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Validating Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing, using Usutu Virus as an Example
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JMM Profile: Usutu virus.

Megan Golding1, Nicola Seechurn2, Matthew Baylis2

  • 1Vector-Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.

Journal of Medical Microbiology
|February 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Usutu virus (USUV), an emerging arbovirus, is spreading in Europe. While often asymptomatic in humans, USUV poses a public health risk due to potential neurological diseases, especially in certain bird species.

Keywords:
Flavivirusblackbirdmeningoencephalitismosquito

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Ecology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging arbovirus from the Flaviviridae family.
  • It cycles between mosquitoes (vectors) and birds (hosts), with humans and horses as dead-end hosts.
  • Originally from Africa, USUV has recently spread throughout Europe.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Usutu virus.
  • To highlight its ecological spread and public health implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on USUV.
  • Analysis of USUV's transmission cycle and geographic expansion.
  • Review of documented human and avian infections.

Main Results:

  • USUV shows high virulence and fatality in specific bird populations, like the Eurasian blackbird.
  • Human infections are infrequent and typically asymptomatic.
  • Reported human cases include short-term neurological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • USUV represents a growing public health concern due to its spread and potential impact on wildlife and humans.
  • Surveillance and further research are crucial for managing this emerging arbovirus.