Islet Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: There Will Always Be a Hope

To date, people living with type 1 diabetes depend on external subcutaneous insulin while waiting for a cure, or a feasible method to preserve, replace, and generate fully functioning β cells that secrete appropriate insulin in response to glucose. Current work includes evaluating renewable sources of β cells, transplantation methods without immunosuppressives, and methods to preserve β-cell function. Such methods include β-cell encapsulation, scaffolding, immune modulation, gene editing, and disease-modifying therapies. The purpose of this article is to review the progress and describe β-cell therapies over the past 5 years.