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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Holding urine for three hours significantly impairs aircrew vigilance and sustained attention, as measured by the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). This study highlights the need for better in-flight bladder relief systems for aviation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human physiology
    • Cognitive neuroscience
    • Aerospace medicine

    Background:

    • In-flight bladder relief is a critical but understudied stressor for aircrew.
    • The cognitive effects of voluntary urinary retention during flight are not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of voluntary urinary retention over a 3-hour period on flight-relevant cognitive performance.
    • To assess changes in vigilance and working memory, and associated neural measures.

    Main Methods:

    • A quasi-experimental design was used with 29 participants.
    • Cognitive performance was assessed using the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and a change detection task for working memory (WM).
    • Electroencephalography (EEG) measured P3b event-related potentials and contralateral delay activity.

    Main Results:

    • Reaction time on the PVT significantly slowed by 5% with increased urinary retention.
    • The number of lapses on the PVT increased 2.5-fold, indicating impaired sustained attention.
    • No significant changes were observed in working memory performance or neural measures.

    Conclusions:

    • Three hours of voluntary urinary retention impairs sustained attention in a manner measurable by the PVT.
    • Current findings underscore the necessity for improved bladder relief solutions in military aviation.
    • Further research is needed to explore the neural underpinnings and individual differences in response to urinary retention.