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Smallpox

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Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...

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Necrotizing Blepharoconjunctivitis and Keratitis in Human Monkeypox.

Alfonso Vasquez-Perez¹, Tejal Magan¹, Giulio Volpe¹

¹Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.

JAMA Ophthalmology

|February 9, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human mpox can cause severe eye complications like necrotizing blepharoconjunctivitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent vision loss from this orthopoxvirus infection.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Infectious Diseases
Virology

Background:

Ophthalmic manifestations of human mpox (monkeypox) are rare, affecting less than 5% of patients.
Commonly, these involve self-limiting conjunctivitis and keratitis, with severe complications being infrequent.

Observation:

A case report details a 63-year-old HIV-positive man who developed necrotizing blepharoconjunctivitis due to the monkeypox virus.
The condition progressed rapidly from initial conjunctivitis and eyelid swelling, despite systemic stability.

Findings:

The patient received systemic antiviral tecovirimat and topical trifluoridine, alongside repeated debridement and amniotic membrane grafting.
The severe ocular presentation was linked to his immunocompromised status, mirroring other orthopoxvirus infections.

Implications:

Ophthalmic symptoms can be the initial sign of human mpox and may indicate a severe disease course.
Prompt diagnosis and intervention are essential to mitigate significant ocular morbidity in mpox patients.