Inequalities in Cancer Stage at Diagnosis Among Incarcerated Individuals Undergoing Radiation Therapy at a Large...

There is a dearth of data on cancer care in the incarcerated population, despite being the leading cause of illness-related death in United states' prisons. We retrospectively reviewed the demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of incarcerated individuals who received radiation therapy at a large safety-net hospital.

Following IRB approval, we identified 80 incarcerated patients who presented for radiation therapy between January 2003 and May 2019. Descriptive statistics on the patients, tumor types and stage, treatment factors, and follow-up rates were analyzed.

80 individuals with 82 cancer diagnoses presented for radiation oncology consultation over the study period. The median age was 54 years (range, 46-64). Patients of White, Black, and "other" races comprised 61.3% (n=49), 28.8% (n=23), and 10% (n=8), respectively. Most patients were male (n=75, 93.8%) and English speakers (n=76, 95%). Moreover, 50% (n=40) had a substance use disorder history and 75% (n=60) had a smoking history. The three most common cancer types were prostate (n=12, 14.6%), gastrointestinal (n=14, 17.1%), thoracic (n=17, 20.7%), and head and neck (n=21, 25.6%). The distribution of tumor stage (AJCC) was I (n=12, 14.6%), II (n=12, 14.6%), III (n=14, 17.1%), IV (n=38, 46.3%), and unknown/unavailable (n=6, 7.3%). Of the cohort, 65 patients with 66 cancers (80.5%) received radiation. Among them, the 6-month, 1-year, and 5-year follow-up rates were 41.5%, 27.7%, and 3.1%, respectively. Subset analysis limited to stage I-III patients (n=30) revealed 6-month, 1-year and 5-year follow-up rates of 41.9%, 22.6%, and 3.2%, respectively.

This study highlights inequalities in cancer stage at diagnosis among a vulnerable patient population that is largely excluded from clinical research. Majority of the incarcerated patients presented with stage III & IV cancers and have poor follow up rates even among those with early-stage disease. Efforts to understand and mitigate persistent health inequalities among incarcerated patients are warranted.