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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Isolating and Analyzing Cells of the Pancreas Mesenchyme by Flow Cytometry
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Pancreatic microexons regulate islet function and glucose homeostasis.

Jonàs Juan-Mateu1, Simon Bajew2, Marta Miret-Cuesta2

  • 1Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain. jonas.juan@crg.eu.

Nature Metabolism
|February 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered a new microexon program in pancreatic islet cells that regulates glucose homeostasis. This finding is crucial for understanding diabetes and hypoglycaemia, offering potential therapeutic targets.

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Last Updated: Aug 11, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pancreatic islets are vital for glucose homeostasis through hormone secretion.
  • Dysfunctional islets lead to diabetes or hypoglycemia.
  • Alternative splicing, including microexons, plays a role in cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a conserved microexon program in pancreatic islet cells.
  • To investigate the role of the RNA-binding protein SRRM3 in regulating these microexons.
  • To explore the implications of this program in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of alternative microexons in islet cell mRNAs.
  • Investigated the regulation of microexons by SRRM3.
  • Depletion of SRRM3 and repression of microexons in beta cell lines and islets.
  • Studied mice with Srrm3 mutations.
  • Correlated human genetic variants with glucose levels and diabetes risk.

Main Results:

  • Discovered a conserved program of alternative microexons (IsletMICs) in islet cells, particularly in genes related to vesicle transport and exocytosis.
  • SRRM3 regulates IsletMICs, which are induced by high glucose.
  • SRRM3 depletion or IsletMIC repression caused inappropriate insulin secretion.
  • Srrm3 mutations in mice led to impaired islet cell function and hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycemia.
  • Human genetic variants affecting SRRM3 and IsletMICs are linked to fasting glucose variation and type 2 diabetes risk.

Conclusions:

  • Identified a novel, conserved microexon program (IsletMICs) regulated by SRRM3 in pancreatic islets.
  • This program is critical for proper insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.
  • The findings link microexon regulation to diabetes pathogenesis and offer potential therapeutic targets.