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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

2.2K
All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

1.1K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 11, 2025

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Field programmable spin arrays for scalable quantum repeaters.

Hanfeng Wang1,2, Matthew E Trusheim3,4, Laura Kim1,5

  • 1Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.

Nature Communications
|February 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a field programmable spin array (FPSA) using diamond color centers for scalable quantum networks. This approach offers high-speed control with low power and cross-talk, improving entanglement generation rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Networking
  • Solid-State Quantum Systems

Background:

  • Current quantum network technologies face limitations in controlling large numbers of quantum emitters due to power consumption and cross-talk from microwave techniques.
  • Scalable quantum networking requires efficient and high-fidelity control over numerous quantum bits (qubits).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a novel quantum repeater architecture for scalable quantum networks.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing control methods for quantum emitters.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a field programmable spin array (FPSA) using densely-packed diamond color centers (CCs).
  • Utilizing electric or strain fields for high-speed, low cross-talk quantum gate operations on individual CCs.
  • Integration of the FPSA with a slow-light waveguide for efficient optical coupling and entanglement generation.

Main Results:

  • The FPSA architecture demonstrates high-speed spin control with significantly reduced power dissipation and cross-talk compared to traditional methods.
  • An increased entanglement generation rate was observed, scaling into the thousand-qubit regime when compared to a routing-tree design.
  • The system enables high-fidelity control over dense quantum emitter arrays.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed FPSA architecture is a promising solution for building scalable quantum networks.
  • This technology facilitates efficient, optically-mediated entanglement for advanced quantum communication.
  • The FPSA design paves the way for high-fidelity control of large-scale quantum emitter arrays.