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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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Anatomical variation in humeri: gender and side comparison using statistical shape modelling.

Jan Dauwe1,2, Sanne Vancleef3, Stijn De Bondt4

  • 1Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. dauwejan@gmail.com.

International Orthopaedics
|February 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Proximal humeral fracture repair is complex. This study found minimal anatomical differences between left and right humeri, supporting contralateral side use for reconstruction. However, significant gender-based variations exist, impacting implant fit.

Keywords:
Anatomical parametersHumeral anatomyPrincipal component analysisProximal humerusStatistical shape modelling

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanical engineering
  • Anatomical studies

Background:

  • Surgical management of proximal humeral fractures presents challenges.
  • Achieving anatomical reduction is crucial for successful surgical fixation.
  • The premorbid state of a fractured humerus is often unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate anatomical variations between left and right humeri.
  • To assess the validity of using the contralateral humerus as a reconstruction template.
  • To analyze gender-based anatomical differences in humeri.

Main Methods:

  • Creation of two statistical shape models of the humerus.
  • Analysis of 110 unpaired humeri in one model.
  • Analysis of 65 paired left and right humeri in a second model.

Main Results:

  • Statistical shape models demonstrated that two principal components explain over 95% of humerus variation.
  • Minimal statistically significant differences were found between left and right humeri.
  • Significant anatomical variations were observed between male and female humeri.

Conclusions:

  • The contralateral humerus can be considered a viable reconstruction template for proximal humeral fractures due to minor side-to-side differences.
  • Gender-specific anatomical variations may explain challenges with the fit of locking plates.
  • Further research into sex-based anatomical differences is warranted for improved surgical outcomes.