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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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Ultrahigh Lubricity between Two-Dimensional Ice and Two-Dimensional Atomic Layers.

Quoc Huy Thi1,2, Ping Man1,2, Haijun Liu1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.

Nano Letters
|February 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered ultralow friction between 2D ice and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) under low temperatures. This finding offers potential for advanced lubricants and frictionless water transport in nanofluidic systems.

Keywords:
2D layered materialsFriction reductionMoS2in situ AFMlubricityspace confinementtwo-dimensional (2D) ice

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Tribology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Solid-state lubricants based on van der Waals (vdW) atomic layers degrade under low temperatures and high humidity.
  • Liquid water layers enhance interlayer friction in vdW lubricants, reducing performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the tribological behavior of two-dimensional (2D) ice interacting with 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) under low-temperature conditions.
  • To explore the potential of 2D ice and MoS2 as high-performance lubricants and for frictionless water transport.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized low-temperature *in situ* atomic force microscopy (AFM) and friction force microscopy (FFM).
  • Observed and analyzed friction forces between 2D ice and MoS2 surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Unexpected ultralow friction was observed between 2D ice and MoS2.
  • Friction was reduced by over 30% compared to bare MoS2 and rigid surfaces.
  • Phase transition of liquid water to 2D ice under mechanical compression was documented.

Conclusions:

  • 2D ice exhibits significantly reduced friction when in contact with MoS2, challenging previous understanding of water-lubricant interactions.
  • This discovery opens avenues for novel frictionless water/ice transport in nanofluidics.
  • The findings suggest potential for high-performance solid-state lubricants in extreme low-temperature and high-humidity environments.