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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level
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Diffusion and molecular partitioning in hierarchically complex virus-like particles.

Pawel Kraj1, Nathasha D Hewagama1, Trevor Douglas1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.

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Virus-like particles (VLPs) offer a hierarchical assembly for biotechnology applications. Encapsulating enzymes within VLPs mimics cellular conditions, enabling novel biomaterial designs.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Viruses exhibit diverse structures and functions adaptable for biotechnological uses.
  • Virus-like particles (VLPs) self-assemble into hierarchical materials.
  • VLPs offer robustness and functionalization opportunities through design or modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the hierarchical assembly of VLPs.
  • To explore diffusion studies within VLP systems.
  • To discuss methods for partitioning chemical species in VLPs for biomaterial applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on VLP hierarchical assembly.
  • Analysis of experimental data on diffusion in VLP systems.
  • Examination of techniques for chemical species partitioning within VLPs.

Main Results:

  • VLPs enable hierarchical material assembly with tunable properties.
  • Encapsulation within VLPs creates high macromolecular concentrations, mimicking cellular environments.
  • Excluded volume effects are observed for encapsulated cargo in VLP systems.

Conclusions:

  • VLPs serve as versatile platforms for functional biomaterials.
  • VLP encapsulation provides a unique environment for studying macromolecular behavior.
  • Further research into VLP-based systems can advance biotechnology and materials science.