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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

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The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
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Regulation of Heart Rates01:31

Regulation of Heart Rates

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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
The SNS increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine, which act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. This action increases the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs01:19

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

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Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions
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Donkey Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability: A Scoping Review.

Marta De Santis1, Samanta Seganfreddo1, Alberto Greco2

  • 1National Reference Centre for Animal Assisted Interventions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|February 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Research on donkey heart rate variability (HRV) is limited. This review highlights the need for more studies on donkey physiological measures for welfare assessment, drawing comparisons with horses.

Keywords:
Equus asinusHRHRV analysisdonkeyphysiological parameters

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Physiology
  • Animal Welfare Science

Background:

  • Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are key physiological indicators in animal research.
  • While horse HRV is well-documented, data on donkeys remain scarce.
  • Understanding donkey physiological responses is crucial for their welfare and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review of published quantitative primary studies on donkey HR and HRV.
  • To assess the extent and type of evidence, clinical/research applications, devices, and analysis methods.
  • To identify gaps in the literature and inform future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of four databases (Web of Science) and citation chasing.
  • Inclusion of English-language, quantitative primary studies.
  • Data extraction on study/population characteristics, HR/HRV analysis, and applications.

Main Results:

  • 87 articles were included, with most published since 2011 and small sample sizes (≤20 individuals).
  • 41 articles used electronic devices for signal acquisition (ECGs, HR monitors).
  • Critically, only two articles reported HRV parameters, indicating a significant literature gap.

Conclusions:

  • The current body of evidence on donkey HRV is notably lacking.
  • Further research is needed to characterize donkey physiology and develop welfare assessment tools.
  • Comparative insights from horse HRV studies can guide future donkey research, addressing technical and interpretative challenges.