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Potentially Harmful Elements Associated with Dust of Mosques: Pollution Status, Sources, and Human Health Risks.

Bassam Tawabini1, Mubarak Al-Enazi1, Mansour A Alghamdi2

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Potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in mosque air-conditioner dust pose moderate pollution risks in Saudi cities. While risks are generally acceptable, ingestion exposure to elements like cadmium warrants attention.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Anthropogenic dust containing potentially harmful elements (PHEs) contaminates indoor environments like mosques.
  • Exposure to PHEs in mosque dust via air-conditioner (AC) filters poses risks to mosque visitors.
  • Limited data exists on PHE pollution and human health risks in Saudi Arabian mosques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess PHE levels and pollution status in AC filter dust (ACFD) from mosques in Jubail, Jeddah, and Dammam.
  • To evaluate the human health risks associated with PHEs in mosque ACFD.
  • To compare PHE pollution across three major Saudi cities.

Main Methods:

  • Collection and analysis of AC filter dust (ACFD) samples from mosques.
  • Assessment of PHE concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Cd, Fe, Al, Mn).
  • Application of spatial analysis, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, pollution load index, and ecological risk assessment.

Main Results:

  • Similar PHE concentration patterns observed across the three cities, exceeding background values for Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Cd.
  • Jeddah showed the highest PHE concentrations, followed by Dammam and Jubail.
  • Moderate pollution levels and significant enrichment of several PHEs detected; Jubail exhibited higher ecological risk, with Cadmium posing the greatest risk.

Conclusions:

  • Mosque ACFD in Jubail, Jeddah, and Dammam is moderately polluted with PHEs, posing potential ecological risks.
  • Human health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) were generally within acceptable ranges, with ingestion as the primary exposure route.
  • Findings highlight the need for monitoring and managing indoor air quality in public spaces like mosques.