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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes
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A Comprehensive Review of mRNA Vaccines.

Vrinda Gote1, Pradeep Kumar Bolla2, Nagavendra Kommineni3

  • 1Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines offer a potent, safe, and effective alternative to traditional vaccines, with rapid development and manufacturing capabilities. This review covers mRNA vaccine technology, including structure, immunity induction, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), manufacturing, and future prospects.

Keywords:
PEGylated lipidsacceptanceadjuvantsantigen presentationcationic lipidsefficacyionizable lipidslipid nanoparticles (LNPs)lyophilized mRNA vaccinesmRNA structuremRNA vaccine immune responsemRNA vaccines clinical trialssafetyself-amplifying mRNA vaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as a significant advancement over conventional vaccines.
  • Their high potency, safety, efficacy, and rapid manufacturing potential have been crucial, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of mRNA vaccine technology.
  • To detail the structure, function, manufacturing processes, and clinical applications of mRNA vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mRNA vaccine technology.
  • Detailed description of mRNA structure, immunological function, and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems.
  • Analysis of upstream, downstream, and formulation processes in mRNA vaccine manufacturing.

Main Results:

  • mRNA vaccines demonstrate high potency, safety, and efficacy.
  • Nanotechnology advancements, particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), are critical for effective mRNA delivery.
  • The review covers manufacturing processes, clinical trial data, and future directions.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA vaccines represent a powerful and versatile vaccine platform.
  • Future research focuses on improving stability (e.g., freeze-drying) and targeted delivery using advanced LNP systems.
  • mRNA technology holds significant promise for future vaccine development and therapeutic applications.