Children of parents with manic-depressive illness: a follow-up study

Thirty-seven offspring from 21 families with a manic-depressive parent were studied 3 to 7 years following initial evaluation. The study examined both pedigree information and psychosocial variables including parental, marital and overall adjustment, measures of chronicity and severity of parental illness and family assessment measures in relationship to offspring functioning. Nine of the 37 offspring (24%) received a positive DSM-III diagnosis, which is a similar percentage of positive diagnosis of children as we found previously. The diagnoses clustered in the affective illness spectrum. When the presence of affective traits was considered, there was evidence for continuity of psychopathology in most cases. Associations between offspring psychopathology and both non-specific and specific parental risk factors are discussed.