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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards
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Flame-Retardant Foamed Material Based on Modified Corn Straw Using Two Nitrogenous Layers.

Qiong Su1,2,3,4, Hongling Wang1,2,3,4, Yanbin Wang1,2,3,4

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmentally friendly crop straw foams were made flame-retardant using two nitrogenous layers. This innovation achieved an excellent flame retardancy rating (UL-94 V-0) and maintained good compression strength.

Keywords:
corn strawflame-retardantfoamed materialgraftionic liquidnitrogenous layers

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Biopolymer foams from crop straws offer environmental benefits but suffer from high ignitability, limiting their practical applications.
  • Developing effective flame-retardant strategies for these sustainable materials is crucial for expanding their use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the flame retardancy of crop straw-based biopolymer foams.
  • To investigate a novel method for introducing dual nitrogenous layers for flame-retardant purposes.
  • To assess the impact of these modifications on the material's structural and mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Corn straw biopolymers were modified with two distinct nitrogenous layers via esterification and grafting.
  • An inner layer of imidazole rings and an outer layer of grafted acrylamide were introduced.
  • A simultaneous foaming process using azodiisobutyronitrile (as initiator and foaming agent) and deionized water (as plasticizer and auxiliary foaming agent) was employed at 150 °C.

Main Results:

  • The modified biopolymer foams achieved an excellent flame retardancy rating of UL-94 V-0.
  • Dual nitrogenous layers provided a sufficient nitrogen source, releasing non-combustible gases upon exposure to flame.
  • The foamed material exhibited a notable compression strength of 17.7 MPa, partly attributed to the inherent corn straw fibers.
  • Heterogeneous foaming precursor (rigid core, soft shell) led to the formation of cavities of varying sizes and material non-uniformity.

Conclusions:

  • The dual nitrogenous layer strategy effectively imparts flame retardancy to crop straw biopolymer foams.
  • The simplified, one-step process using azodiisobutyronitrile and deionized water is efficient and scalable.
  • The resulting flame-retardant biopolymer foams show promise for applications requiring both sustainability and safety.