Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiproliferative Properties of New Bio-Inspired Xanthylium Derivatives

Xanthylium derivatives are curcumin analogs showing photochromic properties. Similarly, to anthocyanins, they follow the same multistate network of chemical species that are reversibly interconverted by external stimuli. In the present work, two new asymmetric monocarbonyl analogues of curcumin, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-metoxybenzylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxanthylium chloride (compound 3) and 4-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxanthylium chloride (compound 4) were synthesized, and their photochromic and biological properties were investigated. The UV-Vis spectroscopy and the direct and reverse pH-jumps studies confirmed the halochromic properties and the existence of different molecular species. A network of chemical reactions of these species was proposed. Furthermore, the antiproliferative properties of both compounds were evaluated using P19 murine embryocarcinoma cells and compared with each other. The results demonstrate that both new xanthylium derivatives modify the progression through the cell cycle of P19 cells, which translates into a significant antiproliferative effect. The effect of the methoxy group position is discussed and several checkpoint proteins are advanced as putative targets.