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Strengthening Polylactic Acid by Salification: Surface Characterization Study.

Jessica Schlosser¹, Michael Keller¹, Kamran Fouladi¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA.

|February 11, 2023

Summary

This study benchmarks dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques to understand polylactic acid (PLA) stiffening due to salification. Force spectroscopy proved most sensitive for micro-scale material characterization, aiding in PLA applications like artificial heart valves.

Keywords:

PLA additive manufacturing multifrequency AFM scanning probe microscopy surface characterization

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a widely used biodegradable polymer in additive manufacturing (e.g., fused deposition modeling).
Growing applications, such as in artificial heart valves, necessitate a deeper understanding of PLA's material properties, especially its durability under harsh conditions like salification.
There is a need for in situ characterization of PLA surface changes during stiffening.

Purpose of the Study:

To benchmark various dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques for studying the salification phenomenon in PLA at micro-scales.
To compare the sensitivity of tapping mode AFM, bimodal AFM, force spectroscopy, and energy quantity analysis in detecting PLA property changes with varying sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations.

Main Methods:

Dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques including tapping mode, bimodal AFM, and force spectroscopy were employed.
PLA thin films with different NaCl concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%) were analyzed.
Measurements included topographical imaging, phase imaging, and energy dissipation analysis.

Main Results:

Salification induced a stiffening phenomenon in PLA, with increased sensitivity at higher salt concentrations.
Tapping mode AFM provided topographical data, but phase images were unreliable; bimodal AFM offered topographical and compositional mapping.
Force spectroscopy demonstrated the highest sensitivity in detecting micro-scale property differences, and energy dissipation correlated with increasing salt concentration.

Conclusions:

Bimodal AFM and force spectroscopy are superior to tapping mode AFM for detailed micro-scale characterization of PLA salification.
Force spectroscopy is the most effective technique for identifying subtle changes in PLA properties due to salification.
This comparative analysis provides a guideline for selecting appropriate AFM techniques for micro- and nano-scale studies of PLA and similar polymers.