Highly Efficient Flame-Retardant and Enhanced PVA-Based Composite Aerogels through Interpenetrating Cross-Linking...

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (P)/alginate (A)/MMT (M) (PAM) composite aerogels was modified through interpenetrating cross-linking of methyltriethoxysilane (Ms) or γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (K) and calcium ion (Ca²⁺) as a cross-linking agent, respectively. The compressive moduli of the cross-linked PAM/MsCa and PAM/KCa aerogels greatly increased to 17.4 and 22.1 MPa, approximately 10.5- and 8.2-fold of that of PAM aerogel, respectively. The limited oxygen index (LOI) values for PAM/MsCa and PAM/KCa composite aerogels increased from 27.0% of PAM aerogel to 40.5% and 56.8%. Compared with non-cross-linked PAM aerogel, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PAM/MsCa and PAM/KCa composite aerogels dramatically decreased by 34% and 74%, respectively, whereas the PAM/KCa aerogel presented better flame retardancy and lower smoke toxicity than the PAM/MsCa aerogel because of the release of more inert gases and the barrier action of more compact char layer during the combustion. The highly efficient flame-retardant PAM-based composite aerogels with excellent mechanical properties are promising as a sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based foams.