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Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research

The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research

Published on: July 28, 2022

Anatomically and mechanically accurate scala tympani model for electrode insertion studies.

Anastasiya Starovoyt¹, Eman Shaheen², Tristan Putzeys³

¹Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Hearing Research

|February 11, 2023

Summary

New 3D-printed cochlear models accurately mimic human anatomy and insertion mechanics for cochlear implant surgery. These models improve preclinical testing and surgical training, reducing reliance on cadavers.

Keywords:

3D printing Cochlear implantation Electrode insertion trauma Round window approach Scala tympani model microCT imaging

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Last Updated: Aug 10, 2025

The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research

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Published on: July 28, 2022

Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol

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Published on: August 18, 2023

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: January 9, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Otolaryngology
Medical Device Development

Background:

Cochlear implantation trauma risk depends on cochlear anatomy and insertion mechanics.
Current preclinical testing methods, like cadaveric studies, have limitations in availability and repeatability.
Existing artificial cochlear models lack anatomical and mechanical accuracy for individual surgical simulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop anatomically and mechanically representative 3D-printed cochlear models for electrode insertion studies.
To validate the accuracy of these models against human cadaveric cochleae.
To assess the impact of individual cochlear anatomy on insertion mechanics.

Main Methods:

Individual human cochlear microCT scans were used to create 3D models of the scala tympani.
Models were 3D printed using transparent material.
Validation involved comparing models to human cadavers, measuring insertion forces, electrode counts, and tactile feedback during manual insertion by surgeons.

Main Results:

The 3D-printed models demonstrated high anatomical and mechanical representativeness compared to original cochleae and cadavers.
Individual anatomical variations in the models significantly influenced insertion mechanics.
Surgeons reported validated insertion characteristics.

Conclusions:

Developed 3D-printed cochlear models accurately simulate surgical insertion mechanics.
These models can accelerate preclinical testing of atraumatic cochlear implant techniques and reduce cadaver use.
The models offer potential for surgical training and patient-specific preoperative planning.