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Cajal-retzius cells: Recent advances in identity and function.

Vicente Elorriaga1, Alessandra Pierani2, Frédéric Causeret1

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Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs) are transient neurons crucial for brain development. Recent findings reveal their diverse roles in cortical network assembly, challenging their purely developmental view.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs) are transient neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
  • They are implicated in neocortical and hippocampal morphogenesis, circuit formation, brain evolution, and pathology.
  • CRs have been traditionally viewed as purely developmental, requiring production and elimination for brain development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review findings that clarify the identity and diversity of Cajal-Retzius cells.
  • To propose a unified definition of CRs, particularly for non-mammalian species and organoids.
  • To highlight recent research on CRs' role in assembling functional and dysfunctional cortical networks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on Cajal-Retzius cells.
  • Synthesis of findings on CR identity, diversity, and function.
  • Analysis of recent research on CRs in cortical network assembly.

Main Results:

  • CRs exhibit greater diversity and possess more complex functions than previously understood.
  • A unified definition for CRs is proposed, accommodating various species and experimental models.
  • Emerging evidence underscores CRs' critical involvement in both healthy and aberrant cortical network formation.

Conclusions:

  • Cajal-Retzius cells are pivotal developmental cells with diverse roles extending beyond their transient nature.
  • A standardized definition will facilitate comparative studies and research in novel systems like organoids.
  • Understanding CRs is essential for comprehending cortical network development and dysfunction.