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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective.

Patricia Almendro-Vázquez1,2, Rocío Laguna-Goya1,2,3, Estela Paz-Artal1,2,3,4

  • 1Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.

Frontiers in Immunology
|February 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is crucial for controlling COVID-19 and developing long-term memory. Monitoring cellular responses, not just antibodies, is key for assessing protection and personalizing vaccination strategies against variants.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2T celladaptive immunityhybrid immunityvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response is essential for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcomes, and long-term immunity.
  • Impaired early T cell immunity correlates with severe COVID-19, lymphopenia, hyperinflammation, and imbalanced humoral response.
  • Mild COVID-19 involves early T cell induction followed by antibody production, while severe cases show delayed cellular response and high antibody levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in COVID-19 pathogenesis and protection.
  • To emphasize the stability and breadth of T cell memory against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs).
  • To advocate for monitoring cellular immunity alongside antibody levels for effective vaccination strategies and protection assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell responses in acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients.
  • Review of literature on T cell memory persistence and cross-reactivity against VoCs.
  • Evaluation of T cell responses elicited by natural infection and current COVID-19 vaccination strategies.

Main Results:

  • Early T cell response is characteristic of mild COVID-19, whereas delayed T cell activation is seen in severe cases.
  • Virus-specific T cell memory is long-lasting (up to 22 months) and predominantly involves IL-2 production.
  • T cell responses are conserved against VoCs, unlike antibody responses, due to HLA polymorphism and epitope recognition.

Conclusions:

  • T cell responses provide more stable and durable protection than antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
  • COVID-19 vaccination elicits protective Th1-driven T cell responses, similar to natural infection.
  • Monitoring cellular immunity is crucial for personalized vaccination strategies, identifying populations for boosters, and assessing protection.