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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

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Cardiotocography pattern: not always a true friend.

Carmen Imma Aquino1, Roberta Amadori2, Elisabetta Vaianella3

  • 1Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy. 20033548@studenti.uniupo.it.

Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis
|February 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiotocography (CTG) monitors fetal well-being during labor. A suspicious CTG finding in a post-term pregnancy was linked to fetal Atrial Flutter (AFL), not acidosis, highlighting the need to consider cardiac defects.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Fetal Medicine
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Cardiotocography (CTG) is a standard method for assessing fetal well-being during labor.
  • Doubts exist regarding the unequivocal interpretation of CTG findings.
  • Pathological CTG often suggests fetal acidosis, but other causes require differential diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cause of a suspicious CTG in a post-term pregnancy.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of CTG beyond fetal acidosis.
  • To highlight the importance of considering fetal cardiac anomalies in CTG interpretation.

Main Methods:

  • A case study of a 31-year-old G2P1 patient at 40 weeks and 3 days gestation.
  • Cardiotocography (CTG) monitoring, pharmacological induction, and emergency cesarean section.
  • Analysis of umbilical cord blood gases and postnatal cardiac assessment.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with a suspicious CTG, which became pathological after induction, leading to cesarean delivery.
  • Umbilical cord blood gas analysis was normal, ruling out fetal acidosis.
  • Postnatal assessment revealed fetal Atrial Flutter (AFL) present at birth.

Conclusions:

  • Suspicious CTG findings are not exclusively indicative of neonatal asphyxia or acidosis.
  • Cardiotocography is valuable for assessing global fetal cardiac activity, not just distress.
  • Fetal heart defects, such as Atrial Flutter, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of suspicious CTG patterns.