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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering
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Current Trends in API Co-Processing: Spherical Crystallization and Co-Precipitation Techniques.

Madhukiran R Dhondale1, Amritha G Nambiar1, Maan Singh1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|February 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Co-processing problematic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) using methods like spherical crystallization enhances drug product quality and reduces manufacturing costs. These techniques improve API properties, enabling direct tablet compression and streamlining production.

Keywords:
Co-precipitationCo-processingDissolutionSpherical crystallization

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) often possess poor physical properties, complicating industrial processing and increasing drug product costs.
  • Traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing can be demanding due to API processability issues, impacting product robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in solvent media-based co-processing techniques for challenging APIs.
  • To discuss the scalability and continuous manufacturability of co-processed APIs.
  • To highlight the applicability of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) in co-processing.

Main Methods:

  • Spherical crystallization and co-precipitation as solvent media-based co-processing approaches.
  • Integration of API purification and granulation steps into co-processing methods.
  • Review of recent literature on co-processing techniques and scale-up.

Main Results:

  • Co-processing enhances micromeritic and dissolution characteristics of problematic APIs.
  • These methods facilitate direct tablet compression, bypassing traditional granulation.
  • Co-processing offers economical and time-saving advantages by reducing process variability.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent media-based co-processing techniques like spherical crystallization and co-precipitation are effective for improving API properties.
  • These methods streamline pharmaceutical manufacturing, enhance product quality, and reduce costs.
  • Co-processing shows potential for scalable and continuous manufacturing with PAT integration.