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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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Upgraded Cherenkov time-of-flight detector for the AFP project.

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    The upgraded Cherenkov time-of-flight detector for the ATLAS Forward Proton project maintains excellent 20 ps timing resolution. This enhanced detector is designed for high-radiation environments at the Large Hadron Collider.

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    Area of Science:

    • Particle Physics
    • Detector Technology
    • High-Energy Physics

    Background:

    • The ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) project requires robust detectors for high-luminosity runs.
    • Cherenkov time-of-flight (ToF) detectors are crucial for particle identification and timing.
    • Previous AFP detector versions faced limitations in lifetime and radiation hardness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the performance of an upgraded Cherenkov time-of-flight (ToF) detector for the AFP project.
    • To assess improvements in efficiency, lifetime, and radiation hardness for operation in high-radiation areas (>400 kGy/year).
    • To confirm the detector's suitability for installation at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized solid L-shaped fused silica bars and customized ALD-coated micro-channel plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMTs) with extended lifetime.
    • Operated MCP-PMTs at low gains (order of 10^3).
    • Conducted performance tests at the CERN-SPS test-beam facility using 120 GeV positive pions (π+) in August 2021.

    Main Results:

    • The upgraded detector achieved an inner timing resolution of 20 picoseconds (ps).
    • Performance was maintained despite low photodetector gain and reduced optical throughput due to geometric changes.
    • The detector demonstrated resilience in simulated high-radiation conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • The upgraded Cherenkov ToF detector meets the stringent timing resolution requirements for the AFP project.
    • The new design enhances detector lifetime and radiation hardness, crucial for LHC operation.
    • The detector is ready for installation and operation in the challenging LHC environment.