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Related Concept Videos

Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

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The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
For extracting a solute from an aqueous phase into an...
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Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...
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Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System
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Adjoint optimization of polarization-splitting grating couplers.

Peng Sun, Thomas Van Vaerenbergh, Sean Hooten

    Optics Express
    |February 14, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a novel silicon polarization-splitting grating coupler (PSGC) with simulated 1.2 dB loss. This design, optimized using an adjoint method, offers superior performance without a bottom reflector.

    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Nanophotonics
    • Integrated Optics

    Background:

    • Polarization-splitting grating couplers (PSGCs) are essential components in integrated photonic circuits for separating light based on polarization.
    • Existing PSGC designs often require complex structures or additional components like bottom reflectors, impacting performance and fabrication.
    • Efficient and compact PSGCs are crucial for advancing photonic integrated circuits for applications like optical communication and sensing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and simulate a high-performance polarization-splitting grating coupler (PSGC) in silicon-on-insulator (SOI).
    • To achieve the best simulated performance for PSGCs without a bottom reflector.
    • To leverage advanced optimization techniques for exploring novel device geometries.

    Main Methods:

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    • Design of a PSGC using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material.
    • Utilization of adjoint method-based shape optimization to explore complex device geometries.
    • Numerical simulations to evaluate the performance of the designed PSGC.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a peak loss of 1.2 dB in numerical simulations for the PSGC.
    • Demonstrated the best simulated performance for PSGCs without a bottom reflector to date.
    • Extracted physics-based, process-independent knowledge from the adjoint optimization process.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed PSGC design offers state-of-the-art simulated performance.
    • Adjoint optimization is a powerful tool for designing complex photonic devices.
    • The extracted design principles can be readily transferred to other photonic platforms.