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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

7.0K
The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:22

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

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α-Adrenergic antagonists, known as α-blockers, exert their effects by inhibiting α-adrenoceptors, leading to specific physiological actions. α1-blockers and α2-blockers have distinct pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications.
α1-blockers: These drugs inhibit α1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells, resulting in vasodilation. This vasodilation lowers blood pressure, making α1-blockers valuable in treating hypertension. Additionally,...
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Spare Receptors01:30

Spare Receptors

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Some receptors remain unoccupied even when an agonist produces a maximal response. Such empty ones are called spare receptors. In presence of spare receptors the maximum effect of an agonist drug is achieved with fewer than 100% of the receptors being occupied. To determine the presence of spare receptors, scientists often compare the concentration of the drug needed to produce 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) with the concentration of the drug needed to occupy 50% of the receptors (Kd). If the...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

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Refractory nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

Tamara Kolitz1, Yona Greenman2,3

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Pituitary
|February 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are silent tumors often detected late. Refractory NFPAs pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, with limited treatment options and higher mortality risks.

Keywords:
Aggressive pituitary tumorsNon-functioning pituitary adenomasPituitary carcinomasPituitary neuroendocrine tumorsRefractory pituitary adenomasTemozolomide

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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

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Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
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Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

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Last Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

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Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
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Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Published on: April 12, 2024

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are silent tumors often presenting as invasive macroadenomas.
  • Incomplete surgical resection is common, leading to significant rates of tumor remnant progression.
  • Refractory pituitary tumors resist standard therapies, but criteria for refractory NFPAs are ill-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if specific non-functioning pituitary adenoma subtypes are more frequently refractory.
  • To clarify diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with refractory NFPAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on pituitary tumor subtypes and refractory characteristics.
  • Analysis of reported response rates to therapies like temozolomide in NFPAs versus functioning tumors.

Main Results:

  • Silent corticotroph and null cell adenomas may be larger and recur more often than silent gonadotroph tumors.
  • Response rates to temozolomide are lower in NFPAs compared to functioning pituitary tumors.
  • Refractory NFPAs are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • The definition and identification of refractory NFPA subtypes require further investigation.
  • Refractory NFPAs present significant clinical challenges due to limited effective treatments and poor outcomes.