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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating Early Events and Long-Term Effects of ACL Injuries for Osteoarthritis Progression
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Author Spotlight: Investigating Early Events and Long-Term Effects of ACL Injuries for Osteoarthritis Progression

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ACL anatomy: Is there still something to learn?

R Morales-Avalos1, E M Torres-González2, J R Padilla-Medina2

  • 1Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (U.A.N.L), Monterrey, Mexico; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Revista Espanola De Cirugia Ortopedica Y Traumatologia
|February 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) shows significant anatomical variability in size, shape, and attachment sites. Understanding this variability is crucial for effective ACL reconstruction surgery.

Keywords:
ACLAnatomyAnatomíaBundlesFootprintHacesLACMorfologíaMorphologyPisada

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Sports medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Knee anatomy, including bony and soft tissue structures, is extensively studied.
  • Recent literature reveals a broad range of research focusing on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current publications on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).
  • To address the morphology of the ACL, including its microscopic composition and macroscopic anatomy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent publications on ACL anatomy and morphology.

Main Results:

  • The ACL is composed of 90% type I and 10% type III collagen.
  • ACL dimensions: length 27–38mm, width 10–12mm, cross-sectional area ~44mm², hourglass/bow tie shape.
  • Variability noted in bundle definitions (anteromedial, intermediate, posterolateral) and femoral/tibial footprints; supplied by the medial genicular artery and innervated by tibial nerve branches.
  • Functional roles include preventing anterior tibial translation and stabilizing against internal rotation and valgus angulation.

Conclusions:

  • Significant anatomical variability exists in the ACL and its attachment sites.
  • ACL footprint characteristics influence individualized reconstruction strategies.
  • Morphological changes with aging and anatomical risk factors necessitate further research for surgical planning.