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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Ocular Drug Delivery: a Comprehensive Review.

Sadek Ahmed1, Maha M Amin2, Sinar Sayed2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt. sadek.sadek@pharma.cu.edu.eg.

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Overcoming ocular barriers for effective drug delivery is challenging. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to enhance drug permeation and residence time for treating eye diseases.

Keywords:
corneal barriersin situ gelnanocarriersocular deliveryretention time

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The human eye's unique anatomy presents significant challenges for drug delivery.
  • Ocular barriers (precorneal, corneal, blood-corneal) limit drug penetration to target sites.
  • Traditional ocular drug formulations often struggle with short residence time and poor permeation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review ocular anatomy, diseases, and delivery obstacles.
  • To analyze various ocular routes of administration and dosage forms.
  • To explore nanostructured platforms for improved ocular drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on ocular drug delivery.
  • Discussion of different ocular administration routes and dosage forms.
  • Analysis of nanocarrier platforms and characterization techniques.

Main Results:

  • Nanotechnology-based carriers show potential for enhanced ocular permeability, sustained residence time, and improved bioavailability.
  • Various nanostructured platforms offer advantages for entrapping diverse drug types.
  • Characterization methods are crucial for predicting nanocarrier performance.

Conclusions:

  • Nanotechnology presents a significant advancement in overcoming ocular delivery challenges.
  • Strategic selection of nanocarriers and administration routes is key for effective treatment.
  • Continued research in ocular nanodelivery systems promises improved patient outcomes for eye diseases.