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Sleep Apnea

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
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Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Inflammation

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Longitudinal Changes in Interstitial Lung Imaging and Lung Function: The MESA Study.

John S Kim^1,2, Ali Azarbarzin³, Anna J Podolanczuk⁴

¹Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

|February 15, 2023

Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to increased lung density and faster lung function decline in older adults. This suggests OSA may contribute to early interstitial lung disease (ILD) development.

Keywords:

hypoxia interstitial lung disease nocturnal oxygen saturation sleep apnea

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Published on: March 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Sleep Medicine
Radiology

Background:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a potential risk factor for interstitial lung disease (ILD).
Radiological markers of ILD may be associated with OSA.
Previous studies were limited by cross-sectional designs and confounding factors like body mass.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between OSA severity and high-attenuation areas (HAAs) on CT scans.
To examine the relationship between OSA severity and changes in lung function over time.
To assess these associations in older community-dwelling adults.

Main Methods:

Utilized data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort.
Included participants with polysomnography (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI) and serial CT scans (exams 5 and 6).
Employed linear mixed-effects models to analyze changes in HAAs, lung volumes, and forced vital capacity (FVC), adjusting for confounders.

Main Results:

Higher AHI (≥15 events/h) and hypoxic burden were associated with increased HAAs over 10 years.
Participants with AHI ≥15 events/h showed a more rapid decline in total lung volumes and FVC.
These associations persisted regardless of body habitus.

Conclusions:

Increased hypoxia burden from OSA is linked to greater lung density over time.
OSA is associated with accelerated decline in lung volumes and function.
Findings suggest OSA may play a role in the early pathogenesis of ILD.