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Related Concept Videos

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
158

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Trigger Point Management.

Benjamin Shipton1, Sunkesula Sagar1, Jennifer K Mall1

  • 1University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Horizon Campus, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

American Family Physician
|February 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Myofascial pain syndromes caused by trigger points are common. Less invasive treatments like physical therapy are recommended before considering trigger point injections, which lack strong evidence of superiority.

Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Musculoskeletal Disorders
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • Myofascial pain syndromes, characterized by trigger points in skeletal muscle, are prevalent in primary care.
  • Trigger points are taut, band-like nodules causing pain and disability.
  • Current treatments include massage, physical therapy, osteopathic manual medicine, and trigger point injections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of trigger point injections compared to less invasive treatments for myofascial pain syndromes.
  • To provide guidance for primary care physicians on the appropriate use of trigger point injections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials and randomized trials on trigger point management.
  • Analysis of evidence supporting various treatment strategies, including injections and manual therapies.

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  • Assessment of limitations in existing research, such as small sample sizes and placebo effects.

    • Main Results:

    • Limited evidence supports trigger point injections over placebo or other agents.
    • No single pharmacologic agent has demonstrated superiority in trigger point injections.
    • Less invasive strategies like physical therapy show promise as first-line treatments.

    Conclusions:

    • Trigger point injections should be reserved for refractory myofascial pain cases.
    • Family physicians should prioritize less invasive treatments before considering injections.
    • Comprehensive, multimodal, and team-based approaches are essential for effective trigger point management.