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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

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Graphene and Two-Dimensional Materials for Biomolecule Sensing.

Deependra Kumar Ban1,2, Prabhakar R Bandaru1,3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.

Annual Review of Biophysics
|February 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Graphene and 2D materials offer ideal properties for room-temperature biosensors, enabling highly sensitive detection of biomolecules. Addressing material defects and calibration are key for their use in point-of-care diagnostics.

Keywords:
DOSFETSSAdefectsdensity of statesfield effect transistorimpedance modelsspecific surface areastandardization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Graphene and 2D materials possess unique properties like large surface area and quantum mechanical attributes, making them promising for biosensing applications.
  • Biosensing relies on modulating the electrical properties of these materials upon interaction with biomolecules.
  • Achieving high sensitivity, even at zeptomolar concentrations, is possible, but specificity in complex biological mixtures remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of graphene and 2D materials as ideal biosensor materials.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of biomolecule detection using these materials.
  • To highlight challenges and future directions for 2D material-based biosensors.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical exploration of material properties for biosensing.
  • Analysis of electrical charge density modulation and capacitance/resistance changes.
  • Consideration of biomolecule interaction with 2D materials.

Main Results:

  • Graphene and 2D materials exhibit excellent potential for highly sensitive biosensing at room temperature.
  • Detection of various biomolecules is achievable through modulation of electrical properties.
  • Challenges include specificity in complex samples and the impact of material defects.

Conclusions:

  • 2D materials offer a pathway to advanced biosensors with potential for single-molecule detection.
  • Further research is needed on defect management and calibration for reliable diagnostics.
  • Development of a roadmap for 2D material biosensors could revolutionize point-of-care healthcare.