Anatomical review of internal jugular vein cannulation

The internal jugular veins (IJV) are the primary venous outflow channels of the head and neck. The IJV is of clinical interest since it is often used for central venous access. This literature aims at presenting an overview of the anatomical variations, morphometrics based on various imaging modalities, cadaveric and surgical findings, and the clinical anatomy of IJV cannulation. Additionally, the anatomical basis of complications, techniques to avoid complications, and cannulation in special instances are also included in the review. The review was performed by a detailed literature search and review of relevant articles. A total of 141 articles were included and organized into anatomical variations, morphometrics, and clinical anatomy of IJV cannulation. The IJV is next to important structures such as the arteries, nerve plexus, and pleura, which puts them at risk of injury during cannulation. Anatomical variations such as duplications, fenestrations, agenesis, tributaries, and valves, may lead to an increased failure rate and complications during the procedure, if unnoticed. The morphometrics of IJV, such as the cross-sectional area, diameter, and distance from the skin-to-cavo-atrial junction may assist in choosing the appropriate cannulation techniques and hence reduce the incidence of complications. Age, gender, and side-related differences explained variations in the IJV-common carotid artery relationship, cross-sectional area, and diameter. Accurate knowledge of anatomical variations in special considerations such as paediatrics and obesity may help prevent complications and facilitate successful cannulation.