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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears: A Modified Consensus Statement.

Brandon J Erickson1, Eoghan T Hurley2, Edward S Mojica3

  • 1Rothman Institute, New York, New York, U.S.A..

Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association
|February 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Experts reached strong consensus on ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury treatment, identifying risk factors and imaging needs. However, some aspects of return to sport criteria require further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are common in overhead athletes.
  • Establishing clear treatment guidelines for UCL injuries is crucial for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated consensus on all aspects of UCL injury management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish expert consensus statements on the treatment of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries.
  • To determine the level of agreement among specialists regarding distinct topics in UCL injury management.

Main Methods:

  • A modified consensus technique was employed.
  • The study involved 26 elbow surgeons and 3 physical therapists/athletic trainers.
  • Strong consensus was defined as 90% to 99% agreement.

Main Results:

  • Four (4) statements achieved unanimous consensus, while 13 achieved strong consensus.
  • Two (2) statements did not reach consensus.
  • Unanimous agreement was found on risk factors, advanced imaging use, orthobiologics evidence, nonoperative management focus, operative indications/contraindications, flexor-pronator management, and internal brace use.

Conclusions:

  • Experts agreed on key aspects of UCL injury management, including risk factors, imaging, and surgical considerations.
  • Consensus was reached on specific operative indications, contraindications, and return-to-sport physical examination components.
  • Areas lacking consensus include the precise role of velocity, accuracy, spin rate, and sports psychology in return-to-sport decisions.