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Related Concept Videos

The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
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Menstrual Cycle Patterns After Concussion in Adolescent Patients.

Patricia R Roby1, Adda Grimberg2, Christina L Master3

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|February 16, 2023
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Summary

In adolescent females, concussion may alter menstrual cycles, with 1 in 10 experiencing changes post-injury. The phase of the menstrual cycle at the time of concussion was linked to symptom reporting.

Keywords:
menstruationpediatrictraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Adolescent Medicine
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Concussion is a common brain injury in adolescents.
  • Menstrual cycle irregularities can occur in women.
  • The impact of concussion on adolescent menstrual patterns is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe menstrual cycle patterns in adolescent females after concussion.
  • To investigate if the menstrual cycle phase at injury influences postconcussion cycle changes or symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective data collection from 512 female adolescents (13-18 years) with concussion.
  • Assessment of menstrual cycle patterns and symptom severity (Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory) at initial and follow-up visits (3-4 months).
  • Statistical analysis including Fisher exact tests and multiple linear regression.

Main Results:

  • 10.8% of adolescents reported menstrual pattern changes by 3-4 months postconcussion.
  • Menstrual phase at injury was not associated with changes in menstrual cycle patterns (P=.40).
  • Menstrual phase at injury was associated with reporting concussion symptoms (P=.01).

Conclusions:

  • Approximately 1 in 10 adolescent females experience menstrual changes 3-4 months after a concussion.
  • The menstrual cycle phase at the time of concussion is linked to symptom endorsement.
  • This study provides foundational data on potential menstrual cycle effects of concussion in female adolescents.