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Related Concept Videos

Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

181
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
181
Acid Attack on Concrete01:21

Acid Attack on Concrete

292
When acids come into contact with concrete, they initiate a chemical reaction that dissolves the hydrated cement paste. This process leads to softening and structural weakening of the concrete. This issue is commonly observed in environments such as chimneys, sewers, and industrial settings. The severity of the damage increases as the pH of the water interacting with the concrete drops below 6.5. In particular, a pH under 4.5 can cause significant concrete damage.
The rate at which hydrogen...
292
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

166
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
166
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

213
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
213
Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

153
The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
153
Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

226
The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
226

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence
06:27

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence

Published on: September 23, 2018

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Radon exhalation from cement-based materials under accelerated carbonation.

Rong Yang1, Jie Wang2, Xiaowen Zhang2

  • 1School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, 28 Changsheng West Road, Hengyang, 421001, China. yrwk322@163.com.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|February 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Carbonation significantly impacts radon release from cement-based materials, with effects fluctuating with age. Aggregate content is the most influential material characteristic affecting radon exhalation rates.

Keywords:
CarbonationCement-based materialsRadon exhalation rateStandard accelerated carbonation method

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Building Materials Science
  • Radiological Protection

Background:

  • Cement-based materials can release radon, a carcinogenic gas impacting indoor air quality.
  • Carbonation, the reaction of cement with carbon dioxide (CO2), alters material properties and influences radon release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of material characteristics and carbonation age on radon exhalation rates.
  • To understand how carbonation influences radon release from various cement-based materials.

Main Methods:

  • Test blocks of concrete, fly ash concrete, cement mortar, and cement paste were subjected to controlled carbonation (20% CO2, 70% RH, 20°C) for 28 days.
  • Radon exhalation rates were measured over the carbonation period.

Main Results:

  • Carbonation significantly influenced radon exhalation rates, showing both increases and decreases with aging.
  • Aggregate content was the most significant factor, followed by fly ash and cement type.
  • The order of radon exhalation changed from cement mortar > concrete > cement paste before carbonation to concrete > cement mortar > cement paste after carbonation.

Conclusions:

  • Carbonation's effect on radon exhalation is complex and depends on material composition and carbonation duration.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for assessing radon pollution in indoor and underground environments.