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Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in tumor microenvironment.

Mei Yang1,2, Yongzhen Mo1,2, Daixi Ren1,2

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Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and their fragments (tDRs) are crucial non-coding RNAs regulating cellular processes. Aberrant tDRs impact human diseases, particularly cancer, by influencing the tumor microenvironment.

Keywords:
BiomarkersTherapeuticTransfer RNAsTumor microenvironment (TME)tRFstRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs)tiRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential non-coding RNAs for protein synthesis.
  • tRNAs can fragment into tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) with diverse biological roles.
  • Aberrant tDR expression is linked to human diseases, especially cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biogenesis, classification, and functions of tDRs.
  • To discuss the role of tDRs in regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • To explore the clinical application prospects of tDRs in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic studies.
  • Analysis of current knowledge on tRNA and tDR biology.
  • Synthesis of data on tDRs' impact on TME components and functions.

Main Results:

  • tDRs are involved in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and immunity.
  • tDRs modulate key aspects of the TME, including cancer stem cells, immunity, metabolism, EMT, and ECM remodeling.
  • tDRs can act as either pro-tumor or tumor suppressor agents within the TME.

Conclusions:

  • tDRs play significant roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression by influencing the TME.
  • Understanding tDRs' functions in the TME is critical for cancer research.
  • tDRs hold potential for future clinical applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.