Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

861
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
861
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

1.1K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
1.1K
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

1.9K
The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
1.9K
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

1.6K
Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
1.6K
Complement System01:27

Complement System

2.5K
The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
2.5K
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

1.2K
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structure-function analysis of empasiprubart, a calcium- and pH-dependent clinical phase complement C2 blocking antibody.

mAbs·2026
Same author

Long-term HIV-1 remission achieved through allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant from a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 sibling donor.

Nature microbiology·2026
Same author

Autologous neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional T cells contribute to long-term HIV-1 post-intervention control.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Autoantibodies neutralizing type 1 interferons in two cohorts of people with HIV.

Journal of human immunity·2026
Same author

Isohemagglutinins exhibit synergistic polyreactivity toward Streptococcus pneumoniae surface antigens: implications for broad-spectrum reactivity of human antibodies.

Medical microbiology and immunology·2026
Same author

Signatures of Trained Immunity Following mRNA Vaccination: Differences Between mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2.

Journal of clinical immunology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays
12:07

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Published on: March 14, 2011

26.1K

Nanobody-mediated complement activation to kill HIV-infected cells.

Maria Lange Pedersen1, Dennis Vestergaard Pedersen2, Mikael Becher Lykkegaard Winkler2

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

EMBO Molecular Medicine
|February 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel bispecific complement engager (BiCE) to target and eliminate HIV-1-infected cells. This therapeutic approach directs the immune system's complement system to destroy virus-infected cells.

Keywords:
HIV-1bispecific complement engagercomplementimmunotherapynanobody

More Related Videos

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

8.8K
Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes
09:13

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Published on: December 16, 2019

13.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays
12:07

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Published on: March 14, 2011

26.1K
Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

8.8K
Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes
09:13

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Published on: December 16, 2019

13.5K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The complement system is a key part of innate immunity, crucial for eliminating pathogen-infected cells.
  • Targeting HIV-1-infected cells using complement-mediated elimination is an underexplored therapeutic strategy.
  • Current HIV-1 therapies focus on viral replication inhibition, not direct elimination of infected cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel therapeutic modality for directing complement activity to HIV-1-infected cells.
  • To investigate the efficacy of bispecific complement engagers (BiCEs) in eliminating HIV-1-infected cells.
  • To explore the potential of BiCEs as a strategy for complement-mediated killing of HIV-1-infected cells.

Main Methods:

  • Developed bispecific complement engagers (BiCEs) comprising a nanobody for C1q recruitment and antibody fragments targeting HIV-1 Env protein.
  • Tested anti-HIV BiCEs targeting the V3 loop and CD4 binding site on HIV-1 Env-expressing Raji cells.
  • Assessed complement activation and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) on primary CD4 T cells infected with HIV-1.

Main Results:

  • Two anti-HIV BiCEs significantly increased C3 deposition on HIV-1 Env-expressing cells.
  • BiCEs mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against HIV-1 Env-expressing Raji cells.
  • Anti-HIV BiCEs triggered complement activation and facilitated the elimination of primary HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells over time.

Conclusions:

  • A novel approach using BiCEs effectively directs complement deposition to HIV-1-infected cells.
  • BiCEs demonstrate potential for complement-mediated killing of HIV-1-infected cells.
  • This strategy offers a promising new avenue for HIV-1 therapy by leveraging innate immune mechanisms.