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Intrinsically Nonswellable Multifunctional Hydrogel with Dynamic Nanoconfinement Networks for Robust Tissue-Adaptable

Jae Park1,2, Ju Yeon Kim3, Jeong Hyun Heo4

  • 1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
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Summary

Researchers developed a tough, conductive, and self-healing hydrogel for advanced bioelectronics. This intrinsically nonswellable material offers excellent tissue adaptability and fabrication versatility for implantable devices.

Keywords:
3D printingbioelectronicshydrogelsself-healingtissue adhesives

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Long-term functionality of bioelectronics in vivo is critical.
  • Hydrogels offer tissue adaptability but lack mechanical and electrical properties.
  • Existing hydrogels suffer from water-swellability, weakening mechanical integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust, intrinsically nonswellable hydrogel for bioelectronic applications.
  • To enhance hydrogel properties including toughness, conductivity, and tissue adhesion.
  • To demonstrate the fabrication versatility and practical utility of the developed hydrogel.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of carboxyl- and hydroxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes (fCNTs) for conductivity.
  • Chemical modification for tissue adhesion and heat treatment for 3D printing.
  • Characterization of mechanical properties (moduli, toughness, stretchability, self-healing) and electrical conductivity.

Main Results:

  • Developed a nonswellable hydrogel with tissue-like moduli (10-100 kPa), high toughness (400-873 J m⁻³), and stretchability (≈1000%).
  • Achieved high conductivity (≈40 S m⁻¹) maintained after deformation and rapid self-healing (≈5 min).
  • Demonstrated tissue adhesion (≈50 kPa) and high-resolution 3D printability (≈100 µm).

Conclusions:

  • The developed multifunctional hydrogel overcomes limitations of traditional hydrogels for bioelectronics.
  • Its unique properties enable robust tissue interfacing and long-term functionality.
  • Successful application in underwater electromyography and ex vivo monitoring highlights its practical potential.