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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

44.7K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
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Self-assessment of olfactory function using the "Sniffin' Sticks".

Yiling Mai1, Marie Klockow2, Antje Haehner2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. Yling.Mai@uniklinikum-dresden.de.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|February 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test can be reliably self-administered for screening olfactory disorders (OD). While the identification component is highly accurate, threshold and discrimination tests require further refinement for optimal clinical use.

Keywords:
Olfactory dysfunctionSelf-assessmentSelf-testSniffin’ SticksTest–retest reliability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Accurate olfactory function testing is crucial for diagnosing olfactory disorders (OD).
  • Clinical settings often lack time for lengthy olfactory assessment procedures.
  • This study evaluated the suitability of the Sniffin' Sticks test for self-assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if the Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test battery is effective for self-assessment.
  • To compare self-assessment results with examiner-assisted assessments.
  • To evaluate the reliability and validity of self-administered olfactory tests.

Main Methods:

  • 84 healthy controls and 37 OD patients participated.
  • The Sniffin' Sticks test (odor threshold, discrimination, identification) was used.
  • Self-assessment and assisted-assessment sessions were conducted.

Main Results:

  • Self-assessment effectively distinguished between healthy controls and OD patients.
  • Scores from self-assessment closely matched assisted-assessment results.
  • Self-administered identification and TDI tests showed moderate to excellent reliability and correlation with assisted assessment.

Conclusions:

  • The self-administered identification test is suitable for olfactory screening.
  • The complete Sniffin' Sticks self-test demonstrates good measurement properties for clinical backup.
  • Improvements are needed for the self-administered threshold and discrimination tests.