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Prospective Memory Function Predicts Future Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia.

Catherine A Browning1, Claire L Thompson2, Nicole A Kochan1

  • 1Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Division of Psychiatry and Mental Health, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
|February 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prospective memory (PM) deficits predict future cognitive decline and dementia risk. Less effortful PM tasks, like event-based and regular ones, are particularly sensitive early indicators.

Keywords:
Cognitive agingEveryday memoryMild cognitive impairmentNeurocognitive disorderSpontaneous retrieval deficitVirtual Week

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Prospective memory (PM) is crucial for daily functioning.
  • Early detection of cognitive decline and dementia risk is vital for timely intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if prospective memory (PM) serves as an early cognitive marker for future cognitive decline and dementia.
  • To analyze longitudinal data from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study over 8 years.

Main Methods:

  • 121 older adults (72-91 years) were assessed at baseline using the Virtual Week PM task (time- and event-based, varying regularity).
  • Cognitive function was measured at baseline and every 2 years over 8 years.
  • Dementia diagnoses were established by expert consensus; data analyzed using linear mixed models and Cox regression.

Main Results:

  • Decreased PM accuracy and missed responses correlated with faster cognitive decline (Mini-Mental State Examination) over 8 years.
  • Poorer baseline PM ability and missed responses increased the risk of incident dementia over 4 years.
  • These associations remained significant after controlling for baseline cognition, with event-based and regular PM tasks showing the strongest predictive power.

Conclusions:

  • Prospective memory (PM) is a sensitive early indicator of future cognitive decline and dementia risk.
  • Event-based PM tasks and those with lower retrospective memory demands (regular tasks) are particularly effective predictors.
  • Deficits in less effortful PM tasks are strong predictors of cognitive decline, suggesting their utility in clinical assessments.