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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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The phylum Verrucomicrobiota comprises at least four characterized orders, with most species classified within the order Verrucomicrobiotales. Members of this phylum are either aerobic or facultatively aerobic, with the ability to ferment sugars. A notable exception is the genus Methylacidiphilum, which consists of aerobic methanotrophs. Additionally, some Verrucomicrobiota establish symbiotic relationships with protists. These bacteria are widely distributed across various environments,...
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Understanding the Impact of Temperate Bacteriophages on Their Lysogens Through Transcriptomics
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Characterizing prophages in the genus Fusobacterium.

Jacob Wilde1, Emma Allen-Vercoe1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.

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This study identified prophages in Fusobacterium strains and developed qPCR methods to track their induction. Fusobacterium prophages show host associations and can be induced by specific stressors, impacting host fitness.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Fusobacterium species are increasingly recognized as significant pathogens.
  • Prophages, viral DNA integrated into bacterial genomes, can influence bacterial traits and pathogenicity.
  • The prophage content and induction dynamics in Fusobacterium remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize prophages in Fusobacterium genomes.
  • To develop quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for detecting prophage induction.
  • To investigate prophage replication in response to various environmental stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • In silico prophage prediction using various tools across 105 Fusobacterium genomes.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) with DNase I treatment to assess prophage induction in Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis strain 7-1.
  • Exposure of bacterial cultures to different conditions, including salt, mitomycin C, pH, mucin, and cytokines.

Main Results:

  • 116 prophage sequences were identified, revealing an association between prophage and host phylogeny.
  • Genes encoding host fitness factors were found in specific prophage subclusters.
  • Fusobacterium prophages ɸFunu1 and ɸFunu2 demonstrated spontaneous induction, with ɸFunu2 inducible by salt and mitomycin C.
  • Other stressors showed minimal or no prophage induction; ɸFunu3 induction was not detected.

Conclusions:

  • Fusobacterium prophages exhibit diversity mirroring their hosts.
  • This study provides the first comprehensive overview of prophage distribution in Fusobacterium.
  • An effective qPCR assay for quantifying mixed prophage samples was developed, overcoming limitations of plaque assays.