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Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in depression induces structural plasticity.

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Serial high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) induced neurostructural changes in the targeted left DLPFC in depression patients. These brain changes extended to functionally connected regions, suggesting network-level plasticity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuromodulation
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique.
  • Clinical trial results for tDCS in neuropsychiatric disorders are mixed, highlighting the need to confirm its ability to modulate brain systems.
  • Longitudinal neurostructural changes induced by tDCS in patients require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if serial high-definition (HD) tDCS, targeted to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), can induce neurostructural changes in patients with depression.
  • To analyze longitudinal structural MRI data to assess treatment-related brain alterations.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, double-blind, parallel-design clinical trial (NCT03556124) involving 59 depression patients.
  • Longitudinal structural MRI data were analyzed to compare active HD-tDCS and conventional tDCS groups against a sham tDCS control group.
  • Neurostructural changes were assessed in the left DLPFC and functionally connected brain regions.

Main Results:

  • Significant treatment-related gray matter changes were observed in the left DLPFC target area with active HD-tDCS compared to sham tDCS.
  • No significant gray matter changes were found with active conventional tDCS.
  • Active HD-tDCS led to gray matter increases in functionally connected regions, including bilateral DLPFC, posterior cingulate cortex, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and caudate.

Conclusions:

  • Serial HD-tDCS induces neurostructural changes at the targeted left DLPFC in depression patients.
  • These structural changes appear to propagate to other brain regions within connected networks.
  • HD-tDCS shows potential for inducing brain plasticity relevant to depression treatment.