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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
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Pangolin merbecovirus gets down to (poly)basics.

Stuart J D Neil1

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease, King's College London, London, UK.

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|February 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Live mammal trafficking poses a zoonotic virus risk. A new study found a MERS-related coronavirus in trafficked pangolins, exhibiting broad mammal adaptability and a novel furin cleavage site.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Wildlife Trade

Background:

  • Live mammal trafficking is a significant pathway for the emergence of zoonotic viruses.
  • Pangolins, the most trafficked mammals globally, have previously been linked to SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of coronaviruses in trafficked pangolins.
  • To assess the zoonotic potential of identified coronaviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of viral genetic material.
  • In silico analysis of viral protein structures and functions.

Main Results:

  • Identification of a MERS-related coronavirus in trafficked pangolins.

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  • The identified coronavirus demonstrates broad tropism across various mammalian species.
  • A newly acquired furin cleavage site was detected in the Spike protein of the MERS-related coronavirus.

    • Conclusions:

    • Trafficked pangolins harbor MERS-related coronaviruses with significant zoonotic potential.
    • The presence of a furin cleavage site suggests enhanced viral entry and transmission capabilities.
    • This finding underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and regulation of the wildlife trade to mitigate pandemic risks.